In obese women most at risk for cancer, bariatric surgery slashed participants’ weight by one-third, produced a mean weight loss of more than 100 pounds, and eliminated precancerous uterine growths. It also improved physical quality of life, improved insulin levels and glucose use, and altered the composition of gut bacteria. These findings were published in Gynecologic Oncology (2015; doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.05.015).
The study speaks both to the benefits of bariatric surgery and to the tremendous toll obesity takes on health.
“If you look at cancers in women, about a fifth of all cancer deaths would be prevented if we had women at normal body weight in the US,” said Susan C. Modesitt, MD, of the University of Virginia (UVA) Cancer Center. “When you’re looking at obesity-related cancers, the biggest one is endometrial cancer, but also colon cancer, breast cancer, renal cancer, and gall bladder cancer. We think about 40% to 50% of all endometrial cancer, which is in the lining of the uterus, is caused by obesity.”
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The study looked at 71 women with a mean age of 44.2 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 50.9. Women are considered obese at a BMI of 30 and morbidly obese at 40 (which is typically approximately 100 pounds over a woman’s ideal body weight), yet almost a third of women presenting for bariatric surgery did not identify themselves as obese.
The study looked at the effects of bariatric surgery in a relatively short timeframe, 1 to 3 years after surgery. A total of 68 participants underwent the procedure; two opted out of the surgery, and another died of a heart condition prior to surgery. The effects of surgery on body weight were dramatic: Mean weight loss was more than 100 pounds.
Ten percent of study participants who had not had a hysterectomy showed precancerous changes in the lining of the uterus, and all of those resolved with weight loss.
“We’re talking about small numbers, really tiny numbers” of study participants, Modesitt said, noting one limitation of the study. “So I could never say that effect is definitive, but it is suggestive, given that we know already the incredibly strong link between endometrial cancer and obesity.”
Modesitt, of the UVA Division of Gynecologic Oncology in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, was most surprised by the dramatic changes seen in the patients’ metabolic profiles derived from the gut microbiome, the population of microorganisms living inside us.
“The study results demonstrate that there is a huge alteration, but I don’t even know what to say about that, except it is really new and intriguing area to look at in the link between obesity and cancer. For example, before groundbreaking work by Dr. John Marshall at UVA in the past, no one knew that ulcers were from bacteria. Who knows what role the gut bacteria play in promoting obesity, but metabolic parameter/markers of the bacteria definitely changed after [study participants] lost weight.”
Although the study speaks to the transformative effect bariatric surgery can have, Modesitt urged people to avoid gaining weight in the first place and for those seeking to lose weight to exercise and eat more healthily before turning to surgery.
“Exercise does seem to be protective; even if you don’t lose all the weight, it absolutely has beneficial effects,” she said. “There are lots of studies showing if you exercise, it improves your insulin, your glucose, all of those sorts of things that go along with the cancer-causing effect.”
