Use of war metaphors such as fight and battle when trying to motivate patients with cancer is not unusual. However, a new study indicates that those words can have an unintended negative impact.
David Hauser, a University of Michigan doctoral student in psychology, and colleague Norbert Schwarz, PhD, of the University of Southern California, found three studies that revealed exposure to metaphoric language describing cancer as an enemy significantly lessens the extent to which people consider cancer-prevention behaviors.
“Hearing metaphoric utterances is enough to change the way we think about a concept,” said Hauser, the study’s lead investigator. “When we hear the phrase ‘win the battle against cancer,’ it forces us to think of cancer as if it’s an enemy that we are at war with.”
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These metaphors emphasize power and taking aggressive action. However, the bulk of cancer prevention behaviors, such as curbing alcohol intake, salty foods, and smoking, involve limitation and restraint. None of them fit with an enemy metaphor that promotes power and aggression, the researchers said.
“Hence, enemy metaphors de-emphasize this subset of beneficial prevention behaviors and hurts people’s willingness to engage in them,” he said.
In one study, the authors asked participants to list cancer-prevention behaviors they would be willing to undertake. For one group of participants, the request contained metaphors describing cancer as an enemy (What things would you do to fight against developing cancer?). For a second group, the request contained no metaphors. The group exposed to the enemy metaphor listed significantly fewer limitation-related prevention behaviors.
“This suggests that simply seeing war metaphors for cancer diminishes the extent to which these behaviors come to mind,” Hauser said.
In another study, 313 participants read one of two health information passages about colorectal cancer. One passage contained metaphors describing cancer as an enemy (This disease involves an enemy uprising of abnormal cellular growth in the large intestine.), whereas the second passage contained no enemy metaphors.
Participants then rated the extent to which they intended to engage in various prevention, screening, and treatment behaviors. Those who read the enemy metaphor passage had less intention to engage in limitation-related prevention behaviors (such as limiting red meat intake or excessive alcohol consumption) than the participants who read the second passage.
“Enemy metaphoric language for cancer diminishes people’s intentions for these types of prevention behaviors,” Schwarz said. “Importantly, these negative effects of enemy metaphors on prevention behaviors are not accompanied by a positive effect on intentions to undertake screening or treatment behaviors.”
War and enemy metaphors are the most common metaphors found in science journalism in regard to cancer, and they pervade public discourse about the disease.
“Fight and battle are actually among the top 10 verbs used to describe cancer,” Hauser said. “Constant exposure to even minor metaphorical utterances may be enough to make enemy metaphors for cancer a powerful influence on public health, with unfortunate side effects.”
The findings appear in the January issue of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (2015; doi:10.1177/0146167214557006).
