Using a nomogram that incorporates age, Gleason score, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level at diagnosis, individual risks that a screen-detected prostate cancer has been overdiagnosed can be estimated.
The authors of this new study, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2014; doi:10.1093/jnci/djt367), used a standard definition of overdiagnosis to refer to a cancer that would not have become symptomatic or clinically identifiable if it had not been detected by screening. Overdiagnosed cancers do not pose a risk to the patient and do not require treatment, which is associated with significant risks of impotence and incontinence.
Previous studies have estimated the risk of overdiagnosis for the US population, with results ranging from 23% to 42% of screen detections. However, risks of overdiagnosis can vary considerably depending on the patient’s age and tumor characteristics, highlighting the need for a personalized tool to predict the likelihood of overdiagnosis.
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Roman Gulati, MS, from the Division of Public Health Sciences at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington, and colleagues, developed the overdiagnosis nomogram to help patients and clinicians make informed treatment decisions about screen-detected prostate cancers. The authors used a microsimulation model to generate virtual life histories for a representative population of US men between 1975 and 2005.
Men who develop cancer can be detected based on elevated PSA levels or development of symptoms. The model used prostate cancer incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry to estimate risks of prostate cancer progression and detection in the absence and presence of PSA screening. A prediction model was then developed to predict individual chances of overdiagnosis (ie, the chance that other-cause death would precede diagnosis in the absence of PSA screening) given information known at screen detection. The prediction model estimates that the chances of overdiagnosis range from 2.9% to 88.1% depending on patient age, PSA, and Gleason score.
The authors wrote, “It is hoped that the resulting nomogram, tailored to individual patient characteristics known at diagnosis, will provide useful information for patients and their physicians seeking to weigh the likely harms and benefits of the treatment options available for contemporary screen-detected prostate cancers.”
An accompanying editorial (doi:10.1093/jnci/djt368) by researchers from the National Cancer Institute cautioned that each step of the modeling described in the study by Gulati and coauthors makes “multiple unverifiable assumptions that can produce bias.” They wrote that microsimulation could still be useful to increase generalizability of results from randomized trial results. However, the editorialists questioned whether the Gulati team’s model of the risk of overdiagnosis is useful in guiding treatment decisions of patients with screen-detected prostate cancer: “…once an [person] has been screened and found to have prostate cancer, the relevant question is the outcomes of various treatments (treatment morbidity, prostate cancer symptoms, and death), and not the probability of an event [detection of prostate cancer] that could have happened if the [person] had not been screened.”
