Oropharyngeal cancer patients with detectable traces of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) in their saliva following cancer treatment are at an increased risk for recurrence. These study results were published in JAMA Oncology (2015; doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.2524).
The oropharynx is the area of the upper throat that includes the back of the tongue, the soft palate, the tonsils, and the walls of the throat. Oropharyngeal cancer accounts for 2.8% of new cancers in the United States; it is often treated successfully with surgery.
In a small study, 7% (5 of 67) of patients with oropharyngeal cancer who had HPV16 DNA in their oral rinse at the time of diagnosis were later found to still have traces of HPV16 DNA in their oral rinse following treatment. Of these, all developed a local recurrence of the cancer. The finding, believed to be the first of its kind, could lead to new follow-up protocols for patients with oropharyngeal cancer.
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“It’s a very small number so we have to be somewhat cautious,” said Gypsyamber D’Souza, PhD, an associate professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and a member of the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center in Baltimore, Maryland. “The fact that all of the patients with persistent HPV16 DNA in their rinses after treatment later had recurrence meant that this may have the potential to become an effective prognostic tool.”
For their study, researchers tracked 124 patients with oropharyngeal cancer, collecting oral rinses from patients at the time of diagnosis and again following treatment, at 9, 12, 18, and 24 months after diagnosis. Patients were asked to rinse and gargle with Scope mouthwash. Of the 124 patients, slightly more than half had oral HPV16 DNA in their oral rinse at the time of their cancer diagnosis. Most patients no longer had HPV DNA detectable in their oral rinse after completing treatment, but some did.
The researchers do not know if the presence of HPV16 DNA in the posttreatment rinse means that the treatment did not completely eradicate the cancer in the first place or if the cancer returned. Either way, the finding suggests that a simple oral rinse could be a powerful diagnostic tool for the reappearance of this type of oral cancer.
HPV is associated with several types of cancer, most notably cervical and oral cancers.
HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer responds well to surgical treatment, but the success of surgical treatment decreases if the cancer is caught after it has spread to other parts of the body. The researchers hope that the detection of HPV DNA in oral rinses may enable earlier detection of recurrence and, therefore, better overall prognosis should the cancer recur.
Moreover, most of the recurrences observed in this study were localized oropharyngeal cancer and not cancers that spread to other regions of the body. “Those that had HPV DNA detected in their mouth after treatment had a much higher risk of local recurrence,” said D’Souza.
Researchers say that in this study disease recurrence was diagnosed roughly 7 months after the detection of HPV16 DNA in the oral rinse. Presence of HPV16 DNA in oral rinses may allow for the detection of cancer recurrence before any other clinical signs or symptoms, which enables earlier treatment options.
