Use of Contrast Enhanced US (CEUS) in Diagnosis of HCC
CEUS is a potential third modality besides MRI and CT to diagnose HCC, but it has not been approved in the USA since cholangiocarcinoma may show the same vascular enhancement pattern as HCC.97 CEUS, however, has its uses in certain circumstances. According to LI-RADS, CEUS can be used for (a) further evaluation of focal lesions ≥10 mm detected on unenhanced US, (b) further assessment of probably HCC on CT/MRI (LI-RADS 3/4) and (c) detection of arterial hyper-enhancement when there is a mismatch on a prior CT or MRI. Microbubble injection during US is safe which may be an advantage over CT and MR where contrast agents can have potential risks in some patients.98
CONCLUSION
Recent imaging advancements are now being used routinely in monitoring angiogenesis which is an essential and integral part of treatment in advanced HCC. Ongoing clinical trials and novel treatments are promising, many using a combination of immune therapy, loco-regional therapy and anti-angiogenic therapy for advanced HCC management. Recent advances in MR techniques and other radiological biomarkers are currently being used to monitor changes in angiogenesis in advanced HCC.
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Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
Ahmed W. Moawad,1 Janio Szklaruk,1 Chandana Lall,2 Katherine J. Blair,1 Ahmed O. Kaseb,3 Amita Kamath,4 Scott A. Rohren,5 Khaled M. Elsayes1
1Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; 2Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA; 3Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; 4Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai West, New York, NY, USA; 5School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Correspondence: Khaled M Elsayes
Department of Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
Tel +1 713-745-3025
Fax +1 713-794-4379
Email [email protected]
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Source: Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Originally published April 23, 2020.
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