In men with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, a PSA doubling time of less than 3 months vs 15 months or more increases the risk of metastasis, which in turn is associated with a large increase in healthcare utilization and costs.
So far, prostate cancer immunotherapy has shown only modest benefits. To greatly improve outcomes, immunotherapy will need to be combined with other treatments, according to the authors of a recent review.
